Tips for Writing a PhD Dissertation

Tips for Writing a PhD Dissertation Tips for Writing a PhD Dissertation Before writing their dissertation, PhD students should take a number of measures to ensure that they are writing the correct things. There are different sources of tips for writing a PhD dissertation. These tips give a guideline of how to write a good thesis, listing the steps that need to be followed. One of the aspects that should not be forgotten is the methodology. This is where the student gives an in depth analysis of the topic of the dissertation. Depending on the subject of discipline, this should cover the biggest part of the introduction section. The student should choose the methodology that they feel comfortable with. This decreases any chances of getting short of writing materials on the way. There are times when a student starts to write the methodology section only to find that they have exhausted all the knowledge that they had. Getting these tips helps the students choose the best methodology for their dissertation topics. Another way of getting help is obtaining, from a reliable source, an example of a dissertation that was perfectly done. This could be an example written by a student from the same institution, their lecturer or a different institution. Care should be taken to ensure that the student gets the example from a reliable source. To spare as much time as possible, PhD students should not include footnotes while writing their PhD dissertations. This should however not be confused with leaving out the references of the sources. It only means that the student should minimize on the contents of the paper that do not add to the word count as expected. For instance, if a student is writing a brief dissertation, including words that do not add content to the dissertation limits the points that they will discuss in their dissertation. For this reason, the student will be forced to include the main point s only so that they get the full mark as compared to filling the paper with content that will instead lower their grade. When a student chooses a topic, they need to be sure that they will populate it to the latter. One of the tips of assisting the student to do so is writing down the main points. Here, the student writes down the key words that will guide them in elaborating the entire point. It reduces any probability of forgetting important sections of the PhD thesis. The student is at the advantage of finishing the paper in good time because they have somewhere to refer their main points and that research will be an easier task. Students should form a habit of researching from different sources to ensure that they get the opinions of different writers. The student should visit different writers to get some of the important tip of writing their thesis. When you need professional academic assistance in writing a PhD paper visit our custom dissertation writing service .

Why School Attendance Matters and Strategies to Improve It

Why School Attendance Matters and Strategies to Improve It School attendance matters. It is arguably one of the most important indicators of school success. You cannot learn what you are not there to learn. Students who attend school regularly improve their chances of being academically successful. There are obvious exceptions to both sides of the rule. There are a few students deemed academically successful who also have attendance issues and a few students who struggle academically who are always present. However, in most cases, strong attendance correlates with academic success, and poor attendance correlates with academic struggles. To understand the importance of attendance and the influence the lack thereof has, we must first define what constitutes both satisfactory and poor attendance.   Attendance Works, a non-profit dedicated to improving school attendance, has categorized school attendance into three distinct categories. Students who have 9 or fewer absences are satisfactory. Those with 10-17 absences are exhibiting warning signs for potential attendance issues.   Students with 18 or more absences have a clear cut chronic attendance issue. These numbers are based on the traditional 180-day school calendar. Teachers and administrators will agree that the students who need to be at school the most are the ones that are seemingly seldom there. Poor attendance creates significant learning gaps. Even if students complete the make-up work, they most likely will not learn and retain the information as well as if they had been there. Make-up work can pile up very quickly. When students return from an extended hiatus, they not only have to complete the make-up work, but they also have to contend with their regular classroom assignments. Students often make the decision to rush through or completely ignore the make-up work so that they can keep pace with their regular class studies.   Doing this naturally creates a learning gap and causes the student’s grades to drop. Over time, this learning gap increases to the point where it becomes nearly impossible to close. Chronic absenteeism will lead to frustration for the student. The more they miss, the more difficult it becomes to catch up. Eventually, the student gives up altogether putting them on a path towards being a high school dropout. Chronic absenteeism is a key indicator that a student will drop out. This makes it even more critical to find early intervention strategies to prevent attendance from ever becoming an issue. The amount of schooling missed can quickly add up. Students who enter school at kindergarten and miss an average of 10 days per year until they graduate high school will miss 140 days. According to the definition above, this student would not have an attendance problem. However, all together that student would miss nearly an entire year of school when you add everything together. Now compare that student with another student who has a chronic attendance issue and misses an average of 25 days a year. The student with a chronic attendance issue has 350 missed days or almost two entire years. It is no wonder that those who have attendance issues are almost always further behind academically than their peers who have satisfactory attendance. Strategies to Improve School Attendance Improving school attendance can prove to be a difficult endeavor.   Schools often have very little direct control in this area. Most of the responsibility falls on the student’s parents or guardians, especially the elementary aged ones.   Many parents simply do not understand how important attendance is. They do not realize how quickly missing even a day a week can add up. Furthermore, they do not understand the unspoken message that they are relaying to their children by allowing them to miss school regularly.   Finally, they do not understand that they are not only setting their children up to fail in school, but also in life. For these reasons, it is essential that elementary schools in particular focus on educating parents on the value of attendance.   Unfortunately, most schools operate under the assumption that all parents already understand how important attendance is, but that those whose children have a chronic attendance issue are simply ignoring it or do not value education. The truth is that most parents want what is best for their children, but have not learned or been taught what that is. Schools must invest a significant amount of their resources to educate their local community adequately on the importance of attendance. Regular attendance should play a part in the daily anthem of a school and a critical role in defining the culture of a school. The fact is that every school has an attendance policy. In most cases, that policy is only punitive in nature meaning that it simply provides parents with an ultimatum that essentially says â€Å"get your child to school or else.†Ã‚   Those policies, while effective for a few, will not deter many for whom it has become easier to skip school than it is to attend. For those, you have to show them and prove to them that attending school on a regular basis will help lead to a brighter future. Schools should be challenged to develop attendance policies and programs that are more preventive in nature than they are punitive. This begins with getting to the root of the attendance issues on an individualized level. School officials must be willing to sit down with parents and listen to their reasons for why their children are absent without being judgmental. This allows the school to form a partnership with the parent wherein they can develop an individualized plan for improving attendance, a support system for follow through, and a connection to outside resources if necessary. This approach will not be easy. It will take a lot of time and resources. However, it is an investment that we should be willing to make based on how important we know attendance to be.   Our goal should be to get every child to school so that the effective teachers we have in place can do their jobs. When that happens, the quality of our school systems will improve significantly.

Feudalism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Feudalism - Assignment Example According to Nathan (2001 p. 3), it also had a highly trained military force (warriors) who were very expensive to maintain. On the other hand, the origin of feudalism can be linked with the expansion of the Roman Empire. It is believed that during the expansion, the Empire decentralized its reign and allocated land, power and authority to a group of people in exchange of military and slave services. Economic system According to Karl Marx, agriculture was the main pillar of economic development of feudalism. During the 12th century, most of the land was owned by dioceses, senior people and monasteries making the feudal system to be a way of ruling and communicating to the whole population. The land owners (landlords) gave out land as gifts to the less fortunate class people to cultivate. They peasants were supposed to cultivate it and give a certain amount of their harvest to the landlords in exchange of economic benefits, military services and of course public services. Just like the economic system, the social system of feudalism was hierarchical too. Every person had his or her own allegiance any person who was higher than him or her. The highest man was the King, followed by the lord (owner of the land also known as â€Å"Vassal† and â€Å"Caballero† in Spanish), Barons, knights and lastly the peasants. In order to maintain control, law, order and power, the medieval King was the one ranked highest who was above everything else and a warrior (Burn 1994 p. 234) The king owned a vast land which he gave out to any person who wanted to be part of his army as compensation; and that was the only way he could maintain a retinue of knights. Lands ownership laws were invoked again and again in order to reclaim property for the purpose recruitment of soldiers. Actually, the loyalty was basically a slavery type since the vassals knew they could not free themselves from his lord (Burn 1994 p. 251). The role of women: Feudalism did not consider women

Chinese Popular Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Chinese Popular Culture - Essay Example This has lead to the turn of events among the citizens of the country whereby the workers have been laid off from their duties in various state owned companies. The presence of unemployment in the People’s Republic of China has led brought about the growth of personal challenges for unemployed workers and human resource policy challenges for the government. The unemployed population must find a way to cope up with the sudden change of their livelihood by searching for a similar means of making a living. In this paper, will focus on how college graduates deal with unemployment and how crime and corruption, along with social stability and mobility play a role in the PRC today. Furthermore, a detailed explanation of how unemployment creates serious problems with access to housing, education, and basic social services in the People’s Republic of China (Latham, 1-35). The employment situation in China for new college and university graduates seems to be unusual compared to t he present working group. The presence of the graduate unemployment crisis in China portrays the possibility of the wasteful investment of scarce resources. This is due to the factor that plenty of capital has been invested in educating unemployed graduates, which could or else have been invested in job-creating productive programs in the country. The presence of a large population of unemployed graduates makes the job market be very competitive. Furthermore, the graduates are also to be blamed in this issue because they always have negative expectations under the pressure of seeking jobs. According, to surveys done by various research houses in the People’s Republic of China most of the graduating students prefer to get an employment contract first, then they would later reflect on pursuing a new job position which is what they really desire to be employed for an average of two years. This assumption by the graduating students makes it possible for the emergency of the under employment and high turnover in the job market. In addition to this, the students will have lower levels of job satisfaction, job involvement, work commitment, and internal work motivation. Therefore, these issues will also bring the issue to the employers at the long run (Sato, 40-45). The People’s Republic of China seems to be experiencing the extreme increase of college graduates has outpaced the structural transition and rashly shifted the labor supply from semi-skilled manufacturing workers to more knowledge- intensive service professionals. This makes it the main reason for experts in the field and various scholars to emphasize that China requires extensive vocational training and industry engineering skills, which will help the country in solving its need for having manufacturing workers. Recently, a debate has emerged that economists say that the current situation of unemployment in China seems to portray that the country is running out of surplus labor. The presence of the unemployment population among the youth is a very complex social problem whereby it must be solved urgently. In the People’s Republic of China, the youthful population is termed to be highly educated because most of the youth are graduates. According to the nature of the economic status of the People’s Republic of China, the graduates are unwilling to choice factory work whereby they opt to compete for office-based positions. It is evident that graduates are four

Ariel Dorfmans Death and the Maiden 40 lines analysis Essay Example for Free

Ariel Dorfmans Death and the Maiden 40 lines analysis Essay The following forty lines from Ariel Dorfmans Death and the Maiden (1990), take place in scene 1 of Act 3, after Roberto has been tied up by Paulina and threatened with being tortured the same way as she had been, and then shot. In response to Paulinaà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s threats, Roberto begins confessing the brutality of his actions and his motives. This confession may be true; however, Gerardo has advised Roberto to indulge Paulina, to confess as this would save his life. Whatever the case, the extract is important because it portrays how a man can slide into brutality, without initially meaning to. Second, the extract is important because it helps expose the iniquities of dictatorial military governments. Finally, it is also important because it gives us an idea of Robertos character and personality. In this extract we clearly see the stages by which a respectable doctor became a brutal sadistic torturer. Though Robertos brother told him that helping the torturers could be a way to pay the communists back for what they did to [his] dad, Roberto stresses that he accepted the job for humanitarian reasons. Firstly, he wanted to help the prisoners who were dying from the tortures as someone to help care for them, someone they could trust. Later on, however, Roberto became involved in more delicate operations and was asked to sit in on sessions where [his] role was to determine if the prisoners could take that much torture. This indicates that he was there while the prisoners were tortured, watching these brutal scenes. Roberto thought this was a way of saving peoples lives, as he ordered them to stop or the prisoner would die; however, watching brutalized him, and slowly the virtue [he] was feeling turned into excitement. Soon, brutalization took over [his] life and he began to truly like what [he] was doing, so much so that, from an observer, he became a participant. Torture became a game for him, a game that was partly morbid, partly scientific, as he tortured women to find out things like How much can this woman take? More than the other one? Hows her sex? Does her sex dry up when you put the current through her? Can she have an orgasm under those circumstances? By the end, Roberto had become a sadist totally obsessed with carry[ing] out all [his] fantasies of sexually torturing women who were entirely in his power, women with whom he could do whatever [he] want[ed]. So, stage by stage, we see in the example of Roberto how men can slide from positions of respectability and motives of kindness and compassion to becoming human monsters, men who delight in the sufferings of others. The tragedy of Robertoà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s slide from being a humanitarian to being a torturer is emphasized by the style of his speech, which reveals that he is an intelligent, educated, insightful man. Firstly we see how Robertos diction indicates his intelligence and level of education. Words such as brutalization and morbid, and phrases such as he lost his capacity for speech, humanitarian reasons and install a totalitarian dictatorship clearly manifest his ability to speak articulately and in a high register. We also see how analytically capable Roberto is, as he does not just describe his own actions but explains why they occurred, carefully dissecting his his motives for working with the torturers, not to pay the communists back but for humanitarian reasons. He can organize his account in clear, logical stages, with phrases like It was slowly, almost without realizing how, At first, But afterwards, By the time, I began to, and It became. Additionally, even in the circumstances in which he is giving this confession, in fear of his life, Roberto uses figurative language, suggesting that he has good rhetorical abilities. He uses euphemism, for example, in calling torture sessions delicate operations, and he uses metaphors when he refers to his brutalization as the mask of virtue fell off, and to his descent into sadistic torture as the swamp. So, we see how Robertos use of language clearly reveals his high level of education and intelligence, and this makes us even more horrified at how such a sophisticated man could have become a brutal torturer of women. More than exposing the degeneration of individual men, exemplified in Roberto, however, this extract also exposes the iniquities of military dictatorships, like the Pinochet regime in Chile, which Dorfman himself had to flee from. We see how military governments divided families: though Roberto became a doctor devoted to saving lives, his brother, determined to pay the communists back for what they did to [their] father, took another path, joining the military dictatorship and becoming a member of the secret services.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ We also are given the impression of how military dictatorships can convince people to support them by manipulating their sufferings under previous governments, promising some kind of compensation, as Robertoà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s brother joined the dictatorship to pay the communists back for what they didà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ to his father à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½the day the peasants took over his land at Las Toltecas. Such governments also persuade people to support them, as Roberto did, by deceit and lies, getting Roberto involved in torture by saying the prisoners needed someone they could help care for them, but actually slowing criminalizing Roberto as a torturer. The fact that they have had such an enormous influence on Robertoà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s personality shows just how psychologically manipulative such regimes can be. Finally, the fact that, throughout his speech, Roberto refers to the government only as they evokes the way in which such governments work in the shadows, secretly and anonymously, to torture and terrorize. Thus this extract does not only show how Roberto and men like him deteriorate when they become involved in torture; it also shows how dictatorial regimes can manipulate such men, facilitating and enabling this deterioration to occur. In conclusion, this extract is very important as, whether Robertoà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s confession is true or feigned, it reveals how even the best of men may slide into such brutality and how military governments can create vile monsters out of exemplary human beings. Through the details of Robertoà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s confession, Dorfman is inviting his audience to consider how a man becomes sub-human. If a respectable doctor, a benefactor to the community, could turn into such a monster because of the effects of such a regime, then what would happen to the rest of society? Dorfman tries to make the reader consider that this incident that has turned Robertos life into a monster might happen to anybody in our society; especially in a switch of regime.

Beethoven :: essays research papers

BEETHOVEN   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ludwig van Beethoven was born 1770 in Bonn Germany. His mother was a singer in the service; his father was a court musician that had little motivation and a drinking problem. His father noticed that Beethoven had a gift at a young age, and began teaching him piano and violin. But Beethoven was a hard learner, he was self-involved and impatient. This probably led to why he was a loner and why he only went to academic school for three years. Beethoven’s father wasn’t the only one who saw Beethoven’s talent, Gottlob Neefe (a German Organist) become young Beethoven’s mentor. Gottlob thought Beethoven was the next Mozart, so he sent him to Vienna to meet him. But Beethoven’s mother got sick so he had to come back home before he met him formally. By the time he came back to Vienna, Mozart had died so Beethoven sought help from Hadyn, another German composer. He became Beethoven’s second mentor and taught him new styles of music. Beethoven did his first shows in Vienna in 1795. He was the first composer that was not supported by wealthy persons; instead Beethoven supported himself with money from selling his music. By 1778, Beethoven started hearing humming and whistling sound in his ears, and it got worse. A few years later, he became completely deaf. Although he was deaf he could still write music. He finished his first symphony in 1800. In 1802, Beethoven became depressed and thought a lot about suicide. He went to a small village in Germany where he stayed for a few years. The next couple of years Beethoven created his most impressing masterpieces. In 1812 he had completed over twelve of his best works and he was known worldwide. But after this Beethoven did not release any music for awhile and he got in trouble with the law over some royalties to songs. But in 1817 he began composing again and he did through 1824. In 1824 Beethoven composed two of his most memorable pieces, the Ninth Symphony, and Ode to Joy, these were two of Beethoven’s best compositions. The first time Beethoven conducted the Ninth Symphony, the crowd, at the end of it was at a tremendous applause. And Beethoven was still with his back turned on the podium until one of the â€Å"soloists† turned him around. In 1820 Beethoven won custody of his nephew Karl since his brother had

Stefan’s Diaries: The Craving Chapter 11

The following morning, I clutched the soft linen sheets up to my neck, as I had when I was a child. With my eyes squeezed shut, I could almost pretend I was home again. That Damon and I were still human and having our usual brotherly quarrels. That our father was somewhere on the plantation, working. That Katherine was alive. No – wait. That we had never met Katherine. Or†¦ maybe I was in bed at Lexi's house, unsure about my new life, but accepted in this new home of fellow vampires. I slowly came fully awake, and my fantasies crumbled against reality. I was in the Sutherlands' house, still a captive of their generosity and my brother's threats, an uneager groom being run quickly into an unwanted wedding. The Sutherlands weren't terribly formal but nevertheless expected everyone to show up at breakfast. My dressing went perhaps slower than it might have normally, as I adjusted my sock garters until they were perfect, fiddled with my cuffs, and ran my hands through my hair. I didn't much like looking in mirrors in those days. I hated who I saw there. By the time I finally made it downstairs to breakfast, the entire family was well into their meal. Mrs. Sutherland greeted me with a warm maternal smile that tore at my insides. Though I felt genuinely fond toward her, she was compelled to accept me. â€Å"Good morning,† I mumbled, slinking into my place. â€Å"Is there any coffee?† â€Å"You seem a bit down today, m'boy,† Winfield said, tucking his watch into his breast pocket. â€Å"And a bit thin, may I add. You definitely need fattening up before the wedding – I think I'll take you to the club today. They do a wonderful lamb and pudding.† Lydia gave me an apologetic smile. With a shock I realized that a pretty rose-pink scarf encircled her neck, neatly covering the usual spot for a vampire bite. Damon had fed on her. I turned my head from the coffee that had been placed before me, my stomach churning. Unconsciously, I touched my neck where Katherine used to bite me, remembering the pain and pleasure all wound up together so sickly. Was it a message to me? To remind me of what would happen if I failed to marry Bridget? â€Å"Stefan! Don't go to the club until later! We have a full day today,† Bridget warned. â€Å"We absolutely must, must, must go visit Bram's family. They just love Damon – Brammy's been taking him to all of the latest places, like that bar that serves real English-style Pimm's Cups! I'll have to wear my new blue muslin. To their house, not to the bar, naturally. It isn't a suitable place for ladies. Fanny wanted blue muslin for her trousseau, but her engagement didn't work out, poor thing†¦.† The door to the kitchen opened, and Damon stepped through. â€Å"Good morning, all,† he crowed, bright-eyed and chipper. He looked rested and sated as he gave Lydia a flirty bow and me a nasty wink. My shoulders clenched. â€Å"What are you doing here, Damon?† I asked in as innocent a tone as I could muster. â€Å"You didn't hear?† He sat down at the table and unfolded his napkin with a flourish. â€Å"Winfield begged me to move in.† â€Å"Oh.† I pushed my chair back from the table, plastering a wobbly smile on my face to mask my anger. â€Å"Er, Damon, would you mind joining me in the foyer for a moment?† Damon grinned at me. â€Å"But I just sat down and I'm ever so hungry.† â€Å"It will take but a minute,† I said through clenched teeth. Lydia looked at me curiously, but after a beat, Damon scraped his chair back and followed me to the foyer. â€Å"Milady, I'll return shortly.† The second we were out of earshot, I turned to my brother. â€Å"You are unbelievable. You're moving in now?† â€Å"Why thank you,† Damon said with a facetious bow. â€Å"And yes. Were you not listening last night when I talked about all the amazing†¦ amenities the Sutherland abode has to offer?† The room began to spin around me as rage overtook me. My patience with Damon's game was over. â€Å"Why bother with all of†¦ this?† I demanded. â€Å"These shenanigans? If you're so powerful, why not just go into a bank and make them give you all of the gold in their vaults?† â€Å"I suppose I could, but where's the fun in that?† â€Å"The fun?† I echoed in disbelief. â€Å"You're doing this for fun?† Damon's eyes hardened. â€Å"Tracks, brother. You're not thinking ahead.† He frowned and brushed some imaginary lint off my jacket. â€Å"Yes, I could just steal the money and leave town. But we're going to be around forever. Or at least I am. And compulsion doesn't always take. In case you didn't notice, Margaret remains quite stubborn, and having her or Winfield, should he ever shake my Power, go around waving my picture and calling me a thief†¦ well, I can't have that. It's much easier – and more fun – just to inherit it.† I gazed at the door that separated us from the happily dining Sutherlands. â€Å"Inherit it? As in, upon death?† â€Å"What? Why, brother, what exactly are you implying?† he asked, pretending to be hurt. â€Å"You keep your half of the bargain, and I don't go on a killing spree. Remember? I gave you my word.† â€Å"No, Damon,† I said. â€Å"You said if I didn't marry Bridget you would start killing everyone in that room. You specifically did not say anything about what would happen after we were married.† â€Å"Good point,† Damon said, nodding. â€Å"I'd like to kill a few people in their circle. Starting with that sycophant Bram. I think he has a thing for my Lydia, you know,† he added with mock anger. â€Å"Damon,† I growled. His eyes narrowed. â€Å"You take care of your wife. I'll take care of mine.† I looked at my brother sharply. â€Å"So then you do plan to kill Winfield after he signs over his fortune?† â€Å"For that, you will just have to stick around and see.† â€Å"I won't let you hurt any of them,† I promised through a clenched jaw. â€Å"You can't stop me. Whatever I choose to do,† Damon hissed back. We glared at each other. My hands curled into fists. He shifted his stance, ready for a fight. At that moment Mrs. Sutherland poked her head into the foyer. â€Å"Boys? Everything okay out here?† â€Å"Yes, ma'am,† Damon answered graciously. â€Å"We were just acquainting ourselves.† He pointed the door to the kitchen and gave a slight bow. â€Å"After you, Stefan.† Reluctantly, I passed back into the kitchen, Damon close on my heels. â€Å"So tomorrow we pick out our suits,† Damon said. He was acting as though we were continuing a mundane discussion from the foyer, rather than just having ended an argument over the fates of everyone in the room. â€Å"Stefan, we should match! Why, Bridget, weren't you just saying last night how someone, I forget who, matched her sister at another wedding? Silk or something?† He knew. He was my brother and he knew precisely how to torment me. Eternally. â€Å"Yes, of course, Damon,† Bridget said with a gratified smile, turning to me. â€Å"Stefan, you have to hear this. I thought about matching me and Lydia, but I'm not sure the effect would be as dramatic, what with Lydia's figure†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I slowly sank down at the table, drowning in her words – and the knowledge that Damon was right. I had never been able to stop my brother, especially not when it mattered most.

Embedded system

AbstractionAn Embedded system has become indispensable in our lifes: autos, airplanes, powerplant control systems, telecommunications systems, all contain digital calculating systems with dedicated functionality. Most of them are real-time systems which response to their seasonableness restraints. The seasonableness demand has to run into under influence of unpredictable stochastic behaviour of the system. In this thesis we address stochastic undertaking executing times. In programming of undertakings in real-time systems, it is normally assumed that the undertakings consume their WCET in every supplication. This is a pessimistic premise that is made in order to vouch difficult real-time public presentation. However ; there exist real-time systems that have soft existent clip restraints. The benefit of loosen uping the premises is that more systems are schedulable and, more significantly, systems with a higher burden is schedulable.The end of the undertaking is to:* Implementing Stochastic WCET and the least slack foremost scheduling algorithm in a real-time system simulator. * Experiments should be performed in order to look into by experimentation the benefits in footings of figure of schedulable systems utilizing stochastic wcets compared to utilizing fixed wcets. The consequences show the public presentation and the advantage gained by least slack foremost scheduling algorithm which has lowest possible slack clip.Key wordsRTOS, Simulation, Tasks, Response clip, Worst instance response clip, worst instance executing clip.three Sammanfattningbegreppen Baddat in systemen har bli oumbarlig I var livsform: bil, flygmaskinerna powerplant kontroll systemen telecommuncations systemen, de all innehalla digital arbete med computing machine systemen med hangiven funktionellitet. Hogst portents dem de/vi/du/ni ar verklig – tid systemen vilken svaren till deras timeliness tvangen. Och den har seasonableness behoven har till bli nagot oforutsedd stochastic beteende om system. I denne teorien six adress plattform – beroende stochastic arbetsuppgift utforanden tiden. I planlage av uppgiften I verklig – tid systemen, den Er vanligtvis anta sa base on balls uppgiften fortara lair wcet I varje akallan. Den har Er en pessimistisk antaganden lair dar Er gjord for att garanti hard verklig – tid utforande. Hur†¦ an ; dar finnas verklig – tid systemen sa base on balls har mjuk verklig tid tvangen. Formanen av slappa antagandena Er det elevation mer systemen de/vi/du/ni ar schedulable och, mer viktigt, systemen med en hoger lasta ar schedulable. Malet om projekt ar boulder clay: * Stochastic wcet och lair minst slo forsta planlage algoritmen i en verklig – tid system simulanten. * Experimentera skulle bli utfort for att undersoka experimental lair formanen one termen av antal Ab schedulable systemen anvandande stochastic wcets jamforde med anvandande fastad wcets. Den resultaten utstallning utforanden och fordelen vinna vid minst slo forsta planlage algoritmen vilken har lagst mullig slo tid.List of AbbreviationsPTDA — – } Probabilistic clip demand analysis. STDA — – } Stochastic clip demand analysis. EP — – } Execution profile SN — – } Switch overing figureChapter 1IntroductionThis chapter gives the motive for the work done in this thesis in subdivision 1.1, and so aims in subdivision 1.2, and construction of the thesis in subdivision 1.3.1.1 MotivationEmbedded systems have become common usage in our life: family contraptions, autos, aeroplanes, power works control systems, medical equipment, telecommunication systems, infinite engineering, they all contain digital calculating systems with dedicated functionality. Most of them, if non all, are real-time systems, i.e. their responses to stimulations have timeliness restraints. The seasonableness demand has to be met despite some unpredictable, stochastic behaviour of the system.1.2 ObjectiveThe chief aim of this thesis is to develop 1. Implementing stochastic wcet and the least slack foremost scheduling algorithm in a real-time system simulator. 2. Experiments should be performed in order to look into by experimentation the benefits in footings of figure of schedulable systems utilizing stochastic wcets compared to utilizing fixed wcets. 3. Get trained in utilizing Research methodological analysis for work outing a province of art job in an country of import for the Masters plan. 4. Understand how the work is expected to be documented and pattern it in composing a Masters thesis.1.3 Thesis OutlineChapter 2, describes the theoretical background about the stochastic behavior of real-time systems and least slack foremost scheduling algorithm. Chapter 3, outlines the job preparation. Chapter 4, describes the solution. Chapter 5, demonstrates the rating of the simulation. Chapter 6, shows the related plants. Chapter 7, follows decisions from the consequences obtained.Chapter 2BackgroundThis chapter introduces basic constructs and notations needed for understanding the balance of the thesis. Section 2.1 presents the chief constructs of real-time and embedded systems. Section 2.2 presents the constructs of least slack first algorithm and their types.2.1 Real-time and Embedded Systems2.1.1 RTOSReal-time Operating System, an operating system designed to be used in existent clip systems. A Real clip systems has been defined as Any information processing activity or system which has to react to externally generated input stimulations within a finite and specified hold. The basic features of a real-time systems or embedded computing machine systems have been considered. They were: 1. Breadth and complexness 2. Manipulation of existent Numberss 3. Real-time control. 4. Efficient execution. 5. Extreme dependability and safety. Systems, in which the rightness of their operation is defined non merely in footings of functionality but besides in footings of seasonableness, organize the category of real-time systems. Hard Real clip systems: Seasonableness demands may be difficult significance that the misdemeanor of any such demand is non tolerated. In a difficult real-time system, if non all deadlines are guaranteed to be met, the system is said to be unschedulable. To understand, design, predict, and analyze safety critical applications such as works control and aircraft control, hence the community focused on difficult existent clip systems, where interrupting seasonableness demands are non tolerated. The analysis of such system gives a yes/no reply to the inquiry if the system fulfils the seasonableness demands. Hard existent clip analysis relies on constructing worst-case scenarios. Hard existent clip analysis can non afford but to presume that worst instance scenarios ever go on and to proviso for these instances. This attack is the lone one applicable for the category of safety critical embedded systems, even if really frequently leads to important under use of resources. Soft Real clip systems: Systems classified as soft real-time may on occasion interrupt a real-time demand provided that the service quality exceeds prescribed degrees. The nature of real-time embedded system is typically heterogenous along multiple dimensions. For illustration, an application may exhibit informations, control and protocol processing features. It may besides dwell of blocks exhibiting different classs of seasonableness demands, such as difficult and soft. In the instance of soft real-time systems nevertheless, the analysis provides fittingness estimations, such as steps of the grade to which a system is schedulable, instead than binary categorizations.2.1.2 SimulationSimulation is a method which can be used for analysis of response clip. When we are utilizing simulation, a elaborate theoretical account of the system is executed in imitating a system before it is implemented helps cut downing hazards of failure.2.1.3 UndertakingsA procedure in a existent clip system normally with some deadline and a period.2.1.4 Response clipThe clip in which system gives end product after taking input.2.1.5 Worst instance response clipThe maximal possible response clip of a undertaking.2.1.6 Worst instance executing clip ( WCET )The longest possible executing clip of the undertaking. Stochastic theoretical account uses in: It improves schedulability of undertakings compared to presuming their executing times are ever equal to their wcets. It uses good known Techniques of Deterministic Analysis, such as barricading in shared resources, undertaking precedence assignment.2.2 Least slack foremost Scheduling Algorithm:Least Slack Time programming is a Scheduling algorithm. It assigns precedence based on the slack clip of a procedure. It is besides known as Least Laxity First and most common usage is in embedded systems, particularly those with multiple processors.2.2.1 Slack clipThis programming algorithm first selects those procedures that have the smallest â€Å" loose clip † . Slack clip is defined as the temporal difference between the absolute deadline, the ready clip and the tally clip. More officially, the slack clip for a procedure is defined as: ( d – T ) – degree Celsius ‘ Where, vitamin D is the procedure deadline T is the existent clip since the rhythm start degree Celsius ‘ is the staying calculation clip. It ‘s Suitable in: LST programming is most utile in systems consisting chiefly nonperiodic undertakings, because no anterior premises are made on the events ‘ rate of happening. The chief failing of LST is that it does non look in front, and works merely on the current system province. Therefore, during a brief overload of system resources, LST can be sub-optimal and it will besides be suboptimal when used with uninterruptible procedures. It is optimum in: 1. Processor pre-emption is allowed. 2. No contention for resources. 3. Single processor. 4. Arbitrary release times. 5. Arbitrary deadlines.2.2.2 Related plants on LSTWhen an algorithm contains same least loose clip, it causes tonss of unneeded exchanging so bad public presentation will be at that place, so to curtail that we use least slack first to a great extent. LSF scheduling algorithm implemented by threshold ; a fresh Dynamic Fuzzy Threshold Based least Slack First ( DFTLSF ) scheduling algorithm is presented. DFTLSF algorithm uses the lingual set ( uncountable set ) to depict the period and the slack clip which contains unsure characters. The threshold coefficient gotten by fuzzy regulations assigns the threshold of the running undertaking dynamically. Any one who wants to preempt this undertaking must hold the smaller slack clip than the threshold. The consequences of the simulations show that, comparing to the traditional LSF Algorithm, the exchanging figure ( SN ) is much smaller2.2.2.1 DFTLSF Fuzzy Threshold:Two characters are considered to judge the precedence of a undertaking in DFTLSF: 1. Slack Time. 2. Threshold. The most of import of the undertaking to the system is, The little coefficient consequences in the little threshold which causes the difficult pre-emption by other undertakings. Once the undertaking gets the CPU, its slack clip reduces to its pre-emption threshold degree which is computed. It wo n't acquire back until the undertaking is done or the undertaking is preempted by another undertaking. The algorithm integrates the advantages of the pre-emption scheduling algorithm and the non-preemption 1. It consequences in a double precedence system that is good for the undertakings put to deathing successfully and cut downing the exchanging figure. The method makes the agenda and the pre-emption flexible and sensible harmonizing to the state of affairs the undertaking faces. When the threshold coefficient is 0, the algorithm is the method becomes the LSF while the threshold coefficient gets its biggest one which is 1.Scheduling scheme:In DFTLSF scheduling algorithm, the dynamic fuzzed threshold coefficient is proposed. It improves the schedulability by adding a fuzzed threshold coefficient. To look for the threshold coefficient, some fuzzy regulations are made ; the threshold coefficient is used for the running undertakings in the system. It is compared with other undertakings loose clip to make up one's mind which one to run foremost. It decreases the switching figure among undertakings when the slack clip of the undertakings is about the same. As a consequence, it avoids the walloping ( trading ) in the system and improves the schedulability. Another betterment is the critical value of loose clip. It is introduced into the system to guarantee the undertakings which are about finished ca n't be preempted by other undertakings.2.2.2.2 Least Laxity First Scheduling:This can be a coprocessor capable of implementing dynamic programming algorithms which are, until now seldom used because of their complex calculations at agenda clip. LLF is an optimum programming methodological analysis that allows sensing of clip restraint misdemeanors in front of making a tasks deadline, but has the disadvantage of demoing hapless runtime behaviour in some particular state of affairss ( â€Å"thrashing† ) The Least-Laxity-First algorithm ( LLF ) is a dynamic programming method, i.e. it makes the determination about which undertaking to put to death following at schedule clip. Another great advantage of the Least-Laxity-First algorithm is the fact that except schedulability proving no farther analysis, e.g. for delegating fixed precedences to the undertakings, has to be done at development clip. Furthermore, Least-Laxity-First shows hapless public presentation in state of affairss in which more than one undertaking have the smallest slack.2.2.2.3 Enhanced Least Laxity First Scheduling:This algorithm preserves all advantages of LLF while bettering the tally clip behaviour by cut downing the figure of context switches. Calculation clip of this device is instead a affair of clip declaration than of the figure of undertakings. This is of high importance as LLF in certain state of affairss causes a large figure of unneeded context switches that can dramatically increase operating system operating expense. ELLF algorithm represents a inactive programming coprocessor, i.e. the device determines the undertaking to be executed next merely after an external start signal. The purpose of this betterment is to guarantee that in a state of affairs when some undertakings would usually get down to thresh, they are executed consecutively without preempting each other. This can non be done by merely doing the whole system temporarily Non-preemptive. With such a non-preemptive LLF-algorithm, undertakings may lose their deadlines.Advantages of Enhanced Least-Laxity- First Scheduling:1. It responses the clip analysis of threshing undertakings. 2. Number of Context Switches.2.2.2.4 Modified Least Laxity First Scheduling:A Modified Least-Laxity-First ( MLLF ) scheduling algorithm is to work out the frequent context switches job of the LLF programming algorithm. The MLLF programming algorithm allows the laxness inversion where a undertaking with the least laxness may non be scheduled instantly. If the laxity-tie occurs, MLLF scheduling algorithm allows the running undertaking to run with no pre-emption every bit far as the deadlines of other undertakings are non missed. Laxity Inversion Duration at clip T is the continuance that the current running undertaking can go on running with no loss in schedulability even if there exist a undertaking ( or undertakings ) whose laxness is smaller than the current running undertaking. Hence, MLLF scheduling algorithm avoids the debasement of systems public presentation.Chapter 3Problem FormulationSince the application sphere of this thesis is embedded systems, this chapter starts in subdivision 3.1 with a treatment on the bing programming algorithms based on Real clip systems. Section 3.2 presents the demand of Least Slack First Scheduling Algorithm in stochastic wcet.3.1 Scheduling Algorithms in Real-time SystemsFor a given set of occupations, the general programming jobs asks for an order harmonizing to which the occupations are to be executed by fulfilling with assorted restraints. Typically, a occupation is characterised by its executing clip, ready clip, deadline, and resource demands. The executing of a occupation may or may non be interrupted over a set of occupations and there is a precedency relation which constraints the order of the executing, particularly with the executing of a occupation can non get down until the executing of all its predecessors is completed.Types of Real-Time SchedulingFor illustration the systems on which the occupations are to be executed is characterised by the sum of resources available [ 22, 59, 30, 32, 27, 12 ] . The undermentioned ends should be considered in scheduling a real-time system: [ 30, 32, 27 ] . * Meeting the timing restraints of the system * Preventing coincident entree to shred resources and devices. * Achieving a high grade of use while fulfilling the timing restraints of the system. * Reducing the cost of context switches caused by pre-emption. * Reducing the communicating cost in real-time distributed systems. In add-on, the undermentioned points are desired in advanced real-time systems: * Sing a combination of difficult, and soft existent clip system activities, which implies the possibility of using dynamic programming policies that respect to the optimality standards. * Task programming of using dynamic programming policies that respect the optimality standards. * Covering dependability, security, and safety. Basically, the programming job is to find a agenda for the executing of the occupations so that they are all completed before the overall deadline [ 22, 59, 30, 32, 27, 12 ] . Given a real-time system, the appropriate programming attack should be designed based on the belongingss of the system and the undertakings happening in it. These belongingss are as follows [ 22, 59, 30, 32 ] : _ Soft/Hard/Firm real-time undertakings The real-time undertakings are classified as difficult, soft and steadfast real-time undertakings. Periodic/Aperiodic/Sporadic undertakings Periodic undertakings are real-time undertakings which are activated ( released ) on a regular basis at fixed rates ( periods ) . Normally, periodic undertakings have a restraint which indicates that cases of them must put to death one time per period. Aperiodic undertakings are real-time undertakings which are activated irregularly at some unknown and perchance boundless rate. The clip restraint is normally a deadline. Sporadic undertakings are real-time undertakings which are activated irregularly with some known bounded rate. The delimited rate is characterized by a minimal inter-arrival period, that is, a minimal interval of clip between two consecutive activations. The clip restraint is normally a deadline. An nonperiodic undertaking has a deadline by which it must get down or complete, or it may hold a restraint on both start and finish times. In the instance of a periodic undertaking, a period means one time per period or precisely units apart. A bulk of centripetal processing is periodic in nature. For illustration, a radio detection and ranging that tracks flights produces informations at a fixed rate [ 32, 29, 27, 12 ] . _ Preemptive/Non-preemptive undertakings In some real-time programming algorithms, a undertaking can be preempted if another undertaking of higher precedence becomes ready. In contrast, the executing of a non-preemptive undertaking should be completed without break, once it is started [ 32, 30, 27, 12 ] ._ Multiprocessor/Single processor systems The figure of the available processors is one of the chief factors in make up one's minding how to Agenda a real-time system. In multiprocessor real-time systems, the scheduling algorithms should forestall coincident entree to shared resources and devices. Additionally, the best scheme to cut down the communicating cost should be provided [ 32, 27 ] . Fixed/Dynamic precedence undertakings In precedence driven programming, a precedence is assigned to each undertaking. Delegating the precedences can be done statically or dynamically while the system is running [ 22, 59, 30, 32, 12 ] . _Flexible/Static systems For scheduling a real-time system, we need to hold adequate information, such as deadline, minimal hold, maximal hold, run-time, and worst instance executing clip of each undertaking. A bulk of systems assume that much of this information is available a priori and, hence, are based on inactive design. However, some of the real-time systems are designed to be dynamic and flexible [ 22, 59, 30, 32, 12 ] . _ Independent/Dependent undertakings Given a real-time system, a undertaking that is traveling to get down executing may necessitate to have the information provided by another undertaking of the system. Therefore, executing of a undertaking should be started after completing the executing of the other undertaking. This is the construct of dependence.3.2 Implementing Least Slack First in stochastic behaviour:The laxness of a procedure is defined as the deadline subtraction staying calculation clip. In other words, the laxness of a occupation is the maximum sum of clip that the occupation can wait and still run into its deadline. The algorithm gives the highest precedence to the active occupation with the smallest laxness. Then the occupation with the highest precedence is executed. While a procedure is put to deathing, it can be preempted by another whose laxness has decreased to below that of the running procedure. A job arises with this strategy when two procedures have similar laxnesss. One procedure will run for a short piece and so acquire preempted by the other and frailty versa. Thus, many context switches occur in the life-time of the procedures. The least laxness foremost algorithm is an optimum programming algorithm for systems with periodic real-time undertakings. If each clip a new ready undertaking arrives ; it is inserted into a waiting line of ready undertakings, sorted by their laxnesss. In this instance, the worst instance clip complexness of the LLF algorithm is where the entire figure of the petitions in each hyper-period of periodic undertakings in the system and is the figure of nonperiodic undertakings. vitamin E The executing clip of a undertaking depends on application dependant, platform dependant, and environment dependent factors. The sum of input informations to be processed in each undertaking instantiation every bit good as its type ( pattern, constellation ) are application dependent factors. The type of treating unit that executes a undertaking is a platform dependent factor act uponing the undertaking executing clip. If the clip needed for communicating with the environment is to be considered as a portion of the executing clip, so web burden is an illustration of an environmental factor act uponing the undertaking executing clip.Execution clip chance denseness mapshows the executing clip probability denseness of such a undertaking. An attack based on a worst instance executing clip theoretical account would implement the undertaking on an expensive system which guarantees the imposed deadline for the worst instance state of affairs. This state of affairs nevertheless will happen w ith a really little chance. If the nature of the system is such that a certain per centum of deadline girls is low-cost, a cheaper system, which still fulfills the imposed quality of service, can be designed. For illustration, such a cheaper a system would be one that would vouch the deadlines if the executing clip of the undertaking did non transcend a clip minute t. It can be seen from the, that there is a low chance that the undertaking executing clip exceeds Ts and hence, losing a deadline is a rare event taking to an acceptable service quality.Chapter 4Design and ExecutionThis chapter presents the design and execution of stochastic wcet and LSF scheduling algorithm in subdivision 4.1 severally.4.1 Design of Least Slack First Algorithm:Difficult real-time programming can be thought of as an issue for embedded systems where the sum of clip to finish each explosion is capable to these parametric quantities: Sum of work ( W ) , sum of slack clip ( S ) Assume that the Numberss are specified in footings of processor ticks ( timer interrupts ) . The deadline ( D ) is the amount of W + S, i.e. , slack clip exactly represents the sum of clip which in which the procedure can be preempted while finishing its explosion in order to accomplish the deadline. When a figure of procedures are trying to accomplish their deadlines the undermentioned calculation takes topographic point at each tick ( 1 ) : — W ; // for the current running procedure — Second ; // for all procedures on the ready waiting line Namely, the running procedure has completed another tick of work towards its deadline and the others have one less tick of slack clip available. In scheduling algorithms we imagine for such a system would non be time-sharing, but would be priority-based, where the precedence is measured by some sense of urgency towards finishing the deadlines. Least Slack First ( LSF ) : when a procedure completes a explosion or a new one becomes ready, schedule the procedure whose value S is the smallest. Or, it can concentrate on completing of the overall deadline. Both represent sensible impressions of fulfilling procedure urgency. Here is a simple illustration which illustrates the differing behaviour: Process idle clip explosion — — — – — — — — – — — – A 0 ( W=10, S=8 ) B 3 ( W=3, S=11 ) C 5 ( W=3, S=6 ) Using the LSF algorithm, we would finish these explosions as follows: Time run ready — — — – — — – 0 A ( 10,8 ) ( ) 3 A ( 7,8 ) ( B ( 3,11 ) ) 5 C ( 3,6 ) ( A ( 5,8 ) , B ( 3,9 ) ) 8 A ( 5,5 ) ( B ( 3,6 ) ) 13 B ( 3,1 ) ( ) 16 — – Based on the above illustration the codification has been generated and account for the above illustration: Iteration 1: At clip 0 A will be ( 10, 8 ) Where as 10 is W ( current running procedure ) , 8 is S ( ready waiting line ) . Iteration 2: At clip 3 We have 2 phases: 1. Run phase: At this phase the procedure A will ( 7, 8 ) because For 7: W – idle clip 8: ready waiting line 2. Ready phase: At this phase the procedure B will ( 3, 11 ) because For 3: idle clip 11: ready waiting line Iteration 3: At clip 5 Same as like Iteration 2 here besides we have 2 phases 1. Run phase: At this phase the procedure C will ( 3, 6 ) because For 3: idle clip 6: ready waiting line 2. Ready phase: Procedure A will be ( 5, 8 ) and B will be ( 3, 9 ) For 5: 10-5 i.e. W – idle clip 8: ready waiting line For B: 3: idle clip 9: W+S+idletime – idle clip – idle clip Iteration 4: At clip 8 In Run phase A will be ( 5, 5 ) Because one rhythm is executed so A ready waiting line will be minimized by 3 In Run phase B will be ( 3, 6 ) 6: W-idle clip -idle clip There will be a context switches. Iteration 5: At clip 13 In tally phase B ( 3, 1 ) 1: ready waiting line of loop 3 -idle clip.4.1.1Comparing of Slack undertakings:To compare loose undertakings in LSF with different conditions the codification has been written. if ( slackLeftT1 & lt ; slackLeftT2 ) { return -1 ; } if ( slackLeftT2==slackLeftT1 ) { return 0 ; } if ( slackLeftT2 & lt ; slackLeftT1 ) { return 1 ; } return 0 ; } }4.1.2Implementation of Execution times:In an existent executing clip, the executing block consumes a â€Å" guessed † executing clip that the scheduler is utilizing in its programming determinations. In the map executing, the category Computation demand to utilize the existent executing. In the LSF comparator we must do certain the â€Å" guessed † executing clip is being used. Lashkar-e-taibas denote the existent executing clip as C_to_be_executed_time and it is a data member of the category Computation. this.C_to_be_executed_time = distr.sample ( ) ; // clip that will be consumed by the executing block Let ‘s denote the â€Å" guessed † executing clip as C and it is besides a data member of the category Computation. this.C = distr.sample ( ) ; // Assumed WCET to be used by LSF scheduler We must now guarantee that the execute method consumes C_to_be_executed_time clip units and the LSF comparator uses C. Further, guaranting the executing times that are assigned in the builder of Computation category prevarication in the scope of 0 and some positive upper edge.4.1.3Implementation for scheduling periodic undertakings and work load:The below codification reference to implements the periodic undertakings. Periodic p1 = new Periodic ( 0,31, 0, â€Å" T1 † ) ; p1.installConditionedComputation ( new Computation ( new Normal ( 10,5 ) , p1 ) ) ; The work load can be calculated by, Workload = max executing time/ period clip.Chapter 5Evaluation of SimulationThis chapter describes the public presentation rating of the simulator. Section 5.1 presents the simulator foundation, while in subdivision 5.25.1 Eclipse and the Eclipse FoundationEclipse is an unfastened beginning community ; undertakings are focused on constructing an unfastened development platform comprised of extensile models, tools and runtimes for edifice, deploying and pull offing package across the lifecycle. The Eclipse Foundation is a not-for-profit, member supported corporation that hosts the Eclipse undertakings and helps cultivate both an unfastened beginning community and an ecosystem of complementary merchandises and services. The Eclipse Project was originally created by IBM in November 2001 and supported by a pool of package sellers. The Eclipse Foundation was created in January 2004 as an independent not-for-profit corporation to move as the steward of the Eclipse community. The independent not-for-profit corporation was created to let a seller impersonal and unfastened, crystalline community to be established around Eclipse. Today, the Eclipse community consists of persons and organisations from a cross subdivision of the package industry. In general, the Eclipse Foundation provides four services to the Eclipse community: 1 ) IT Infrastructure. 2 ) IP Management. 3 ) Development Process and, 4 ) Ecosystem Development. Full-time staffs are associated with each of these countries and work with the greater Eclipse community to help in run intoing the demands of the stakeholders. Eclipse – an unfastened development platform Eclipse is an unfastened beginning community ; undertakings are focused on constructing an unfastened development platform comprised of extensile models, tools and runtimes for edifice, deploying and pull offing package across the lifecycle. A big and vivacious ecosystem of major engineering sellers, advanced start-ups, universities, research establishments and persons extend, complement and back up the Eclipse platform. Used for 1. Enterprise Development. 2. Mobile + Device development. 3. Application model, linguistic communication ide. Eclipse Undertakings Eclipse is a aggregation of unfastened beginning undertakings built on the Equinox OSGi run-time. Eclipse started as a Java IDE, but has since grown to be much, much more. Eclipse undertakings now cover inactive and dynamic linguistic communications ; thick-client, thin-client, and server-side models ; patterning and concern coverage ; embedded and nomadic systems.5.2 simulator apparatus:On a high degree, the simulator simulates a computing machine system by utilizing objects that encapsulate different functionality and make up one's mind on parametric quantities on the objects. The undermentioned categories are of import: 1.ComputerSystem: c.add ( central processing unit ) ; 2.CPU: A CPU that is bound to the computing machine system DataDependencyGraph g = new DataDependencyGraph ( ) ;g.insertData ( 1, 0, 0 ) ;g.insertData ( 2, 0, 0 ) ;g.insertData ( 3, 0, 0 ) ;A information dependence graph that describes informations points in the system and their relationship. Think of the relationships a borders between nodes in a directed acyclic graph. Constructs a information dependence graph of three informations points. These informations points have no relationships. 3. ConditionedExecution: At least one learned executing that is bound to a undertaking. Periodic p1 = new Periodic ( 0, 100, 0, â€Å" T1 † ) ;p1.installConditionedComputation ( new IfTime ( 1, 10, 1, p1, g ) ) ;p1.installConditionedComputation ( new Computation ( 10, p1 ) ) ; Periodic p2 = new Periodic ( 0, 200, 0, â€Å" T2 † ) ;p2.installConditionedComputation ( new IfTime ( 1, 10, 1, p2, g ) ) ;p2.installConditionedComputation ( new Computation ( 10, p2 ) ) ; Periodic p3 = new Periodic ( 0, 103, 0, â€Å" T3 † ) ;p3.installConditionedComputation ( new IfTime ( 2, 10, 1, p3, g ) ) ;p3.installConditionedComputation ( new Computation ( 10, p3 ) ) ;Concepts three periodic undertakings. Each undertaking has two conditioned executings that execute in the order they are bound to the undertaking. 4.Tasks: At least one undertaking that is bound to a CPU. Vector & lt ; CPU & gt ; c = new Vector & lt ; CPU & gt ; ( ) ;CPU central processing unit = new CPU ( new WinOverSlack ( ) ) ;cpu.installTask ( p1 ) ;cpu.installTask ( p2 ) ;cpu.installTask ( p3 ) ;Instantiates a CPU and bounds the undertakings to the CPU. 5.Events: At least one information point that may be used by an executing ComputerSystem cs = new ComputerSystem ( degree Celsius, hint ) ;cs.eventLoop ( 10000 ) ;Concepts a computing machine system and bounds the array of CPUs to it. The method eventLoop starts the simulation and the simulation coatings when it reaches clip point 10000. 6.Trace: Trace hint = new Trace ( new OutputStreamWriter ( System.out ) ) ;Instantiates a hint where the end product of the simulation will be written. This hint writes to standard end product, which makes the end product to look in the console in Eclipse. In simulation, I used stochastic executing times on a sort of learned executing that is bound to a undertaking. This means that every clip the learned executingexecutes it consumes different sums of clip. Therefore, when an case of a undertaking starts we can take a conjecture how much clip it will devour. The system uses LSF that use the guessed executing clip.End product:Chapter 6This chapter focuses on alternate attacks and related research works viz. stochastic undertaking executing times. Hence, in the below subdivision we discussed related plants on stochastic worst instance executing times.Related plantsSome of the related work in stochastic undertaking executing times: Burns et Al. : [ BPSW99 ] addresses the job of a system by interrupting its seasonableness demands due to transeunt mistakes. In this instance, the executing clip variableness stems from undertaking re-executions and the shortest interval between two mistake happening such that no undertaking exceeds its deadline and is determined by sensitiveness analysis. The chance that the system exceeds its deadline is given by the chance that faults occurs at a faster rate than the tolerated one. Broster et Al. : [ BBRN02 ] Determines the response clip of a undertaking ; it re-executes K  º N times due to mistakes in order to obtain the chance distribution of the response clip, and it compute the chance of the event that K mistakes occur. The mistake happening procedure is assumed to be a poisson procedure in both of the cited plants. But Burns et Al. : Extend broster ‘s attack by adding statistical dependences among executing times. His attack are applicable to systems with sporadic undertakings, which are unsuited for the finding of undertaking deadline miss chances of undertakings with generalised executing clip chance distributions, and besides confined to sets which are independent undertakings implemented by utilizing monoprocessor systems. Bernat et Al. : [ BCP02 ] Address different job which determines the frequence with which a individual undertaking executes for a peculiar sum of clip, called executing clip profile and this was performed by based on the executing clip profiles of the basic blocks of the undertaking. The strength of this attack is that they consider statistical dependences among the executing clip profiles of the basic blocks. But nevertheless, this attack would be hard to widen to the deadline miss ratio analysis of multi-task systems because of the complex interleaving with the features of undertaking executings in such environments. Atlas and Bestavros: [ AB98 ] extends the classical rate monotone programming policy with an entree accountant in order to manage undertakings with stochastic executing times. It analyses the quality of the service of the ensuing agenda and its dependance on the entree control parametric quantities. The attack is limited to monoprocessor systems, rate monotone analysis and assumes the presence of an admittance accountant at run-time. Abeni and Buttazzo ‘s [ AB99 ] work addresses both programming and public presentation analysis of undertakings with stochastic parametric quantities. It focuses on how to schedule both difficult and soft real-time undertakings on the same processor, in such a manner that the difficult 1s are non disturbed by ill-behaved soft undertakings. Tia et Al. [ TDS95 ] presume a undertaking theoretical account composed of independent undertakings. There are two methods for public presentation analysis they were, one of them is merely an estimation and is demonstrated to be excessively optimistic. In the 2nd method, a soft undertaking is transformed into a deterministic undertaking and a sporadic 1. The sporadic undertakings are handled by a waiter policy. The analysis is carried out on this peculiar theoretical account. Gardner et Al, [ GAR99, GL99 ] in their stochastic clip demand analysis, present worst-case scenarios with regard to task release times in order to calculate a lower edge for the chance that occupation meets its deadline. It does n't incorporate informations dependences among undertakings and applications implemented on multiprocessors. Zhou et Al. and Hu et Al. [ ZHS99, HZS01 ] root their work in Tia's. , they do non mean to give per-task warrants, but characterize the fittingness of the full undertaking set. Because they consider all possible combinations of executing times of all petitions up to a clip minute, the analysis can be applied merely to little undertaking sets due to complexness grounds. De Verciana et Al. [ BPSW99 ] address a different type of job. Having a undertaking graph and an imposed deadline, its end is to find the way that has the highest chance to go against the deadline. In this instance, the job is reduced to a non-linear optimisation job by utilizing an estimate of the whirl of the chance densenesss. Diaz et Al. [ DJG00 ] derives the expected deadline miss ratio from the chance distribution map of the response clip of a undertaking. The response clip is computed based on the system-level backlog at the beginning of each hyper period, i.e. the residuary executing times of the occupations at those clip minutes. The stochastic procedure of the system-level backlog is Morkovian and its stationary solution can be computed. It contains sets of independent undertakings and the undertaking executing times may presume values merely over distinct sets. In this attack, complexness is mastered by paring the passage chance matrix of the implicit in Markov concatenation or by deploying iterative methods, both at the disbursal of consequence truth. Kalavade and Moghe [ KM98 ] see undertaking graphs where the undertaking executing times are randomly distributed over distinct sets. Their analysis is based on Markovian stochastic procedures excessively. Each province in the procedure is characterized by the executed clip and lead-time. The analysis is performed by work outing a system of additive equations. Because the executing clip is allowed to take merely a finite ( most probably little ) figure of values, such a set of equations is little. Kim and shin [ KS96 ] see applications that are implemented on multiprocessors and modeled them as line uping webs. It restricts the undertaking executing times to exponentially distributed 1s, which reduces the complexness of the analysis. The undertakings were considered to be scheduled harmonizing to a peculiar policy, viz. first-come-first-served ( FCFS ) .Chapter 7Conclusion & A ; Future worksThis chapter gives decisions in subdivision 7.1 and discusses issues for the future work in subdivision 7.27.1 DrumheadNow a yearss, systems controlled by embedded computing machines become indispensable in our lives and can be found in batch of application. And the country of embedded real-time systems introduces the facets of stochastic behavior of real-time systems. In my thesis I deal with platform specific stochastic undertaking. Because of rapid growing in embedded systems by twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours, the undertakings in a system are incomplexed mode in a existent clip system and it is normally assumed that the undertaking consume wcet in every supplication. And it is pessimistic premise that is made in order to vouch difficult real-time public presentation. But we have besides soft real-time restraints so that pessimistic premise could be relaxed. In my thesis I worked on loosen uping the pessimistic premise so that more systems are schedulable and more over it is really of import for a system to work on a higher work burden where it is to be schedulable. By this I can do this system to lose their deadlines.7.2 Future workBased on my thesis work, In certain countries it can be better farther by implementing Modified Least Laxity Scheduling Algorithm. By, the aid of this algorithm we can understate the context switches. By understating it, we can non happen any deadline girls and there will be hundred percent use of system which contains higher work burden.Chapter 8Mentions[ 1 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cs.wcupa.edu/~rkline/OS/Scheduling-examples.html, Last updated: Oct 17, 2007. [ 2 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.answers.com/topic/least-slack-time-scheduling, Article licensed under GNU Free Documentation License. [ 3 ] Ba Wei, Zhang Dabo.. , A Novel Least Slack First Scheduling Algorithm Optimized by Threshold.. , China, July 26 -31, 2007. [ 4 ] Jens Hildebrandt, Frank Golatowski, Dirk Timmermann.. , Scheduling Coprocessor for Enhanced Least-Laxity-First Scheduling in Hard Real-Time Systems.. , Germany. [ 5 ] Sung-Heun Oh, Seung-Min Yang.. , A Modified Least-Laxity-First Scheduling Algorithm for Real-Time Tasks.. , Korea. [ 6 ] Using constituents to ease stochastic schedulability analysis. — – Malardalen University [ 7 ] Using iterative simulation for clocking analysis of complex existent clip systems. — – Cantonese Lu [ 8 ] Analysis and optimisation of existent clip system with stochastic behavior. — – sorin manolache. [ 9 ] A. Atlas and A.Bestavrous.Statistical rate monotonic programming. In proceedings of the 19th IEEE Real-time Systems Symposium, pages 123-132, 1998. [ 10 ] L. Abeni and G.Butazzo. Qos warrant utilizing probabilistic deadlines In proceedings of the 11th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems, pages 242-249, 1999. [ 11 ] I.Broster, A.Burns, and G.Rodriguez-Navas.Probabilistic analysis of CAN with mistakes. In proceedings of the 23rd Real-time Systems Symposium, 2002. [ 12 ] G.Bernat, A.Colin, and S.Petters.WCET analysis of probabilistic difficult Real-time Systems Symposium, pages 279-288, 2002. [ 13 ] A. Burns, S.Punnekkat, L.Strigini, and D.R.Wright.Probabilistic programming warrants for fault-tolerant real-time systems. In proceeding of the 7th International Working Conference on Dependable Calculating for Critical Applications, pages 339-356, 1999. [ 14 ] G.de Veciana, M.Jacome, and J-H.Guo. Assessing probabilistic timing restraints on system public presentation. Design Automation for Embedded Systems, 5 ( 1 ) :61-81, February 2000. [ 15 ] M.K. Gardner.Probabilistics Analysis and Scheduling of Critical Soft Real-Time Systems. PhD thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, 1999. [ 16 ] M.K. Gardner and J.W.S.Liu.Analysing Stochastic Fixed Priority Real-Time Systems, pages 44-58.Springer, 1999. [ 17 ] X.S.Hu, T.Zhou, and E.H.M.Sha. Estimating Probabilistic timing public presentation for real-time embedded systems.IEEE Minutess on Very Large Scale Integration Systems, 9 ( 6 ) :833-844, December 2001. [ 18 ] A.Kavavade and P.Moghe. A tool for public presentation appraisal of networked embedded end-systems. In Proceedings of the thirty-fifth Design Automation Conference, pages 257-262, 1998. [ 19 ] J.Kim and K.G.Shin. Execution clip analysis of pass oning undertakings in distributed systems.IEEE Minutess on Computers, 445 ( 5 ) :572-579, May 1996. [ 20 ] T.S.Tia, Z.Deng, M.Shankar, M.Storch, J.Sun, L-C.Wu, and J.W.S.Liu. Probabilistic public presentation warrant for real-time undertakings with changing calculation times. In Proceedings of the IEEE Real-Time Technology and Applications Symposium, pages 164-173, May 1995. [ 21 ] T.Zhou, X. ( S. ) Hu, and E.H.M.Sha. A probabilistic public presentation metric for existent clip system design. In Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Hardware-Software Co-Design, pages 90-94, 1999.AppendixIn this chapter we present the timing diagrams of the agendas provided by some real-time programming algorithms, viz. the earliest deadline foremost, the rate-monotonic and least laxness foremost algorithms, on given sets of undertakings. The timing diagram of undertaking t1 before scheduling The timing diagram of undertaking t2 before scheduling The timing diagram of undertaking t3 before scheduling Sing a system dwelling of three undertakings and that have the repeat periods, calculation times, first supplication times and deadlines are defined in above tabular array. The undertakings are pre-emptive.Earliest Deadline First AlgorithmAs presented in below, the uniprocessor real-time system dwelling of the undertakings Set defined in Table 3 is non EDF-schedulable, because while the executing of the first supplication of the undertaking t2 is non finished yet ; the new supplication of the undertaking arrives. In other words, an overrun status happens. _ ?Rate Monotonic AlgorithmAs shown in below, the uniprocessor real-time system dwelling of the undertakings set defined in above tabular array is non RM-schedulable. The ground is that the deadline of the first supplication of the undertaking t3 is missed. The executing of the first supplication is required to be finished by clip 6, but the agenda could non do it.Least Laxity First AlgorithmBelow nowadayss a part of the timing diagram of the agenda provided by the least laxness foremost algorithm on the undertakings set defined in above tabular array. As shown in the, the deadline of the 3rd supplication of the undertaking t1 can non be met. we conclude that the uniprocessor real-time system dwelling of the undertakings set defined in tabular array is non LLFschedulable.

Human Rights Law amp; Business Essay

Human Rights Law amp; Business Essay Human Rights Law Business Essay Essay Writing and Samples The following free essay sample is posted here with the hope to give you some ideas on essay writing. You may also take a look at academic tips on research paper topic ideas, term paper format, narrative essay writing and management coursework writing in our blog. Human Rights Law BusinessIt has become evident in recent years that human rights violations occur not only from states, but also from various other actors such as transnational corporations (TNCs) (Habegger Roland 2). TNCs play an important role in global economy and can use their economic capability to achieve political objectives (Habegger Roland 2). Consequently, some TNCs may misuse their influence to the extent of violating human rights in various forms (Habegger Roland 2). To avoid this, there have been various efforts, such as United Nations conventions, by the international community to make TNCs and other businesses promote and protect human rights. To evaluate the effective enforceability of those conventions, it is essential to focus on the human rights issues that the conventions look after, and their strengths and weaknesses of in doing so. The number of initiatives and standards that are meant for corporate social responsibility has increased over the years (Report 4). They include international instruments such as treaties and declarations; nationally based standards such as constitutional provisions and national laws; certification schemes such as the Worldwide Responsible Apparel Production (WRAP); and voluntary initiatives that are adopted by businesses on a voluntary basis (Report 4). However, most of these initiatives except for some national standards are non-binding on companies, as they do not have any legal authority to regulate companies (Report 9). Moreover, nationally based standards may not often control the extraterritorial acts of TNCs (Business Human Rights 8). International laws can regulate corporations with regards to human rights issues in two ways, namely indirect and direct (Beyond Voluntarism 1). In contrast to various laws pertaining to companies, such as personal jury law, criminal law, company law and consumer law, International human rights law provides a universal benchmark to objectively measure the behaviour of companies (Beyond Voluntarism 3). Indirect form requires states to observe that companies respect human rights and that failure to do so result in legal consequences, whereas direct form imposes direct obligations on companies (Beyond Voluntarism 3). Accordingly, various conventions, which are listed below, serve in observing the compliance of TNCs with human rights issues.International Covenant on the Elimination of All Forms of RacialDiscrimination (ICERD 1965) (Beyond Voluntarism 22) International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR1966) (Beyond Voluntarism 22) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR 1966) (Beyond Voluntarism 22)Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination againstWomen (CEDAW 1979) (Beyond Voluntarism 22)Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading (Beyond Voluntarism 22) (Beyond Voluntarism 22)Treatment or Punishment (CAT 1984) (Beyond Voluntarism 22)Convention on the Rig hts of the Child (CRC 989) (Beyond Voluntarism 22)International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All MigrantWorkers and Members of Their Families (ICPRMW 1990) (Beyond Voluntarism 22) Apart from these, the International Labour Organisation (ILO) has formed many treaties to cover various rights for workers, especially concerning health and safety issues, prohibitions on forced and child labour, and the right to organize unions (Beyond Voluntarism 22). These conventions help in regulating companies with respect to various aspects of the human rights, such as non-discrimination; womens rights; life, liberty and physical integrity of the person; civic freedoms; employees rights; child labour; slavery, forced and bonded labour; economic, social and cultural rights; and voluntarism and market forces(Beyond Voluntarism 7-34). Conventions require states to regulate and adjudicate corporate activities with regard to rights capable of abuse by private parties (Background Pa per 2). However, these conventions do not often direct obligations to corporations. Instead, they focus on measures to be taken by states to control any corporate abuses with respect to human rights (Background Paper 2). Nevertheless, conventions related to most recently adopted treaties such as ICRMW and ICRPD specifically mention businesses in this regard (Background Paper 3).Different treaty bodies related to respective conventions focus more on certain types of companies and businesses than others that states need to formulate regulations to protect against abuse with respect to human rights by those companies (Background Paper 3). To be precise, states need to take necessary steps to regulate the acts of logging and property development companies in the context of resource exploitation in the lands of indigenous people (Background Paper 3). Also, focus on healthcare does not pertain only to private healthcare providers but also includes pharmaceutical and manufacturing companie s that perform activities, which may threaten food and water resources (Background Paper 3). However, they need to have adequate and appropriate focus on other sectors and companies as well (Background Paper 3).Also, conventions require that states need to have various measures to effectively regulate and adjudicate corporate activities (Background Paper 3). The measures may range from legislative measures, to prohibit abuse and proscribe certain behaviour to administrative and judicial mechanisms to effectively investigate all complaints of human rights violations by companies (Background Paper 3). However, implementation of conventions guidelines depends on states own discretion (Background Paper 3). Also, states have to provide with appropriate remedial measures in case of human rights violations (Background Paper 3). However, there is no clarity in conventions whether regulation and adjudication should direct at respective corporate entity itself or natural persons acting on beh alf of that company (Background Paper 4). Moreover, there is no clear distinction in this regard between state and non-sate owned companies (Background Paper 4). Though some treaty bodies such as CESCR mentioned about state-owned facilities, it is not clear whether these facilities are similar to state-owned corporations (Background Paper 4).Territorial factor is crucial in regulating transnational corporations, as the convention do not directly control except for requiring respective states to do so. In view of this, states may control the activities of companies outside the states national territories through a legislation called prescriptive extraterritorial jurisdiction (Background Paper 5). However, such control needs to consider various aspects such as the nationality of offenders and/or victims, territory where the company has violated human rights, and non-intervention of other states internal affairs (Background Paper 4). From the above discussion, there are certain weakne sses for conventions that prevent them from being effectively enforceable. Conventions are mostly non-binding on companies. The system only works when the potential violators of human rights prefer it to work. Also, states can follow the guidelines of those conventions on their own discretion. In the current state, conventions do not give adequate reference to all sectors and/or companies. Moreover, there is no clarity on the roles of the states in dealing with the acts of state-owned and non-state owned companies. As conventions do not directly influence and/or regulate transnational corporations, states cannot effectively regulate and adjudicate the acts of companies outside states national territories for various reasons such as trans-border limitations. Also, states may be reluctant in enforcing the spirit of conventions states when there is connivance between a state and a TNC in which the state may benefit from the failure to enforce human rights obligations (Deva 26). States may ignore human rights obligations to attract foreign investments (Deva 26). Also, some developing states may not have adequate legal and/or economic capability to enforce HR obligations (Deva 26). Furthermore, differences in legal systems among states may be another problem (Deva 26). Above all, there are no clear sanctions that are enforceable by any convention when a transnational corporation violates human rights (Deva 10). There are several examples to explain the ineffectiveness of conventions in enforcing human rights obligations. To start with, Malaysia became a signor to the UNs CRC in 1995 (qtd. in Shirali 1). After five years, the Malaysian government started to contravene the convention with the flow of foreign investments into the country (Shirali 1). Transnational companies like Nike and Reebok were allowed to exploit Malaysias children, making them work for long hours, often twelve hours a day, with scheduled bathroom breaks (Shirali 1). This is in absolute contras t with Section 1 of Article 19 of the convention that reads: State Parties shall take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment, or exploitation (qtd. in Shirali 1). Thus, the above mentioned act was a clear violation of the convention. However, neither the Malaysian government nor respective transnational companies had to face economic or any other kind of sanctions (Shirali 1). It explains that the indirect approach of conventions, in which states are required to regulate transnational companies and other businesses at their own discretion, is not effective in protecting human rights. In another example of human rights violation, Banco Santander Central Hispano (SCH) is Spanish bank, which is the largest private bank in Latin America and the Caribbean (Banco Santander 1). SCH is accused as a co-responsible entity in relation to the displacement of 1.4 million local people most of who are rubber producers, nut collectors and fishermen (Banco Santander 1). Nearly 5,000 families will become landless due to the lack of any plans for their resettlement or compensation (Banco Santander 1). Also, the construction will impact the drinking water in that region, increasing the malaria cases simultaneously (Banco Santander 1). In spite of its intensive corporate responsibility drive, SCH has failed to achieve compliance with weak international laws that regulate the actions of an international bank (Banco Santander 1). The United Nations ICESCR andILO's169 Convention lack the necessary enforceability to address the grievances of respective indigenous people (Banco Santander 1). To address the issues of ineffectiveness of conventions UN has proposed some norms to protect human rights from potential violations of TNCs. Accordingly, TNCs need to be compliant with the norms and submit to monitoring by the UN and other entities on their application of the Norms (Braaten 6). Though the mechanism seems like encouraging a direct approach by making TNCs directly responsible with human rights obligations, it still lacks clarity on how to implement the mechanism and the judicial validity of it (Braaten 7). To conclude, conventions are helpful in providing guideline to states on protecting and promoting human rights with regard to transnational corporations and other businesses. However, the lack of a direct approach and other related mechanisms to treat companies as directly responsible entities makes these conventions not so effective in protecting human rights.

Cal State Monterey Bay CSUMB Admissions Data

Cal State Monterey Bay CSUMB Admissions Data California State University-Monterey Bay (CSUMB) is selective, with 35% of applicants accepted last  year. The school is accessible to many interested students, especially those with grades and test scores well above average. Students should have at least a 2.0 high school GPA to be considered for admission. Prospective students are encouraged to visit the campus and to check out the schools website for more information regarding applications and the admissions process. Will You Get In? Calculate Your Chances of Getting In  with this free tool from Cappex Admissions Data (2016) Cal State - Monterey Bay Acceptance Rate: 35%CSUMB GPA, SAT Score and ACT Score GraphCompare Cal State SAT ScoresCompare Cal State ACT Scores CSUMB Description Founded in 1994, CSUMB, the California State University at Monterey Bay, is the second youngest school in the  Cal State system. The schools stunning coastal setting is a big draw. CSUMB emphasizes hands-on, outcome-based learning and interaction between faculty and students. The CSUMB experience begins with a first-year seminar and concludes with a senior capstone project. The university owns two research boats for studying Monterey Bay, and service learning and undergraduate research projects are common. In Athletics, the CSUMB Otters compete in the NCAA Division II  California Collegiate Athletic Association. Enrollment (2016) Total Enrollment: 7,274  (6,758 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 38% Male / 62% Female92% Full-time Costs (2016 - 17) Tuition and Fees: $6,379 (in-state); $17,539 (out-of-state)Books: $1,339 (why so much?)Room and Board: $11,930Other Expenses: $2,030Total Cost: $21,678 (in-state); $32,838 (out-of-state) CSUMB Financial Aid (2015- 16) Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 80%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 74%Loans: 52%Average Amount of AidGrants: $8,623Loans: $4,532 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors:  Business Administration, Computer Software, Environmental Science, Humanities, Kinesiology, Liberal Studies, Radio and Television, Social SciencesWhat major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Transfer, Graduation and Retention Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 80%Transfer Out Rate: 7%4-Year Graduation Rate: 21%6-Year Graduation Rate: 55% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports:  Soccer, Baseball, Basketball, Cross Country, Track and Field, GolfWomens Sports:  Soccer, Softball, Water Polo, Volleyball, Basketball, Golf, Basketball Data Source National Center for Educational Statistics If You Like CSUMB, You May Also Like These Schools Menlo College: Profile  Otis College of Art and Design: Profile  Point Loma Nazarene University: Profile  Occidental College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Redlands: Profile  Westmont College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph Admissions Profiles for Other Cal State Campuses Bakersfield  | Channel Islands  | Chico  | Dominquez Hills  | East Bay  | Fresno State  | Fullerton  | Humboldt  | Long Beach  | Los Angeles  | Maritime  | Monterey Bay  | Northridge  | Pomona (Cal Poly)  | Sacramento  | San Bernardino  | San Diego  | San Francisco  | San Jose State  | San Luis Obispo (Cal Poly)  | San Marcos  | Sonoma State  | Stanislaus More California Public University Information SAT Score Comparison for Cal State SchoolsACT Score Comparison for Cal State SchoolsThe University of California SystemSAT Score Comparison for the UC SystemACT Score Comparison for the UC System

A short (c. 1500 words) concept note or description that synthesises Essay

A short (c. 1500 words) concept note or description that synthesises and summarises the key ideas, theories, policies and practi - Essay Example However, they used informal methods of learning which could be different from the current methods that are used. Apparently, the informal education relied on informal ways of learning which were considered social ways of learning. The old people in the society had an obligation to ensure the young generation in the society was learned through informal ways of learning (Sinagatullin, 2006: 12). Though this was at times considered an indigenous way of learning, the young generation was able to get vital teachings from the elders. With continued processes, the generation acquired the required skills in life. This led to development of better ways of teaching and learning which was passed to the next generation. This states the origin of education and how it was influential in the past decades. Globalisation is one aspect that is considered an important aspect that has led to the change from informal education to formal education. Many regions were stuck to their informal ways of educati ng the young generation. In their own thoughts, they were suitable to the upcoming generation. There are several reasons that led to the stagnation of such practices in most areas. First, mobility and immigration was unheard of. People in their ancestral land were locked in such areas and they did not feel the need to move to other places in the world. The people were living in their own way of life, which was comfortable according to their needs. These people did not have information flow from other places of the world, and as such, they did not have a comparison of the outside world. In fact, people believed that their way of life was more suitable than any other. However with the cropping up of the concept of globalisation, many other aspects of life changed. First, globalisation led to exchange of information from other parts of the world. This led to deeper comparisons between places and people felt the need to change their educational standards. For example, many people acquir ed formal information from already developed countries. This would be important in ensuring these countries are developing just like the other countries that are already developed (Zajda, 2010:101). For example, South Africa felt the need to copy the Australian way of education. South Africa was not as developed as Australia and it felt the need to adapt a different form of learning. This would improve the quality of education in South Africa to the standards of the education in Australia. Industrialisation is one of the most savoured outcomes of globalisation, especially in the education sector. The education sector needs motivations to be well equipped (Ben-Peretz, 2009:75). For example, the education sector looks at the outcomes of educating people in a certain sector and implements such education syllabuses. A concrete example is development of syllabuses that will equip people to participate in the industrialisation sector. The educational governing bodies will enhance their sy llabuses when looking for better ways of making an industrialised country. For example, the educational sector developed syllabuses for engineers, managers and other professionals that would equip the country with managers that would run industries. This led to massive improvement in education sector since the syllabuses were welcoming many people that would be professionals. This was only after the cropping up of industries that needed works, labourers and managers. Though the